10. Sınıfİngilizce
İngilizce · 10. Sınıf · LIFE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, CITY & SOCIAL
The main transportation options are the bus, the minibus, the tram, the underground (in British English the subway or the metro), the train, the bicycle, walking, the car, the taxi, the ferry and the plane. Public vehicles usually travel on a fixed route and stop at fixed stops. You get on a vehicle and get off it. Note that on foot and by foot are both used with walking, but a bicycle, a bus or a taxi always take by without an article: I go to school by bike.
To compare two options we use the comparative form with than. Short adjectives add -er and longer ones use more.
When we compare more than two things we use the superlative with the: the cheapest, the most crowded, the fastest. The word the is necessary before a superlative: The bus is the most crowded vehicle here.
To say that two things are equal we use as + adjective + as: The underground is as expensive as the taxi. To say that something is below a level we use not as... as: Cycling is not as expensive as driving. Do not use than in this pattern, and do not change the adjective into its comparative form.
used to + V1 describes a habit or a situation that existed in the past and has finished. I used to drive to work, but now I take the tram. Notice that after used to we always use the first form of the verb: not used to drove and not used to driving. For the future we use will + V1: People will use more electric buses in the future. To report the end of a past habit the present simple is enough: I don't drive to work now.
| Option | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Walking | It costs nothing and it is good for your health. | It depends on the weather and it is slow for long distances. |
| Bicycle | It is cheap, it does not cause pollution and it needs no fuel. | It is not comfortable in bad weather and it cannot carry heavy bags. |
| Bus and minibus | It is cheaper than a taxi and it covers many routes. | It can be crowded and it is often late in heavy traffic. |
| Tram | It is cheaper per kilometre than a bus and it is not polluting much. | Its route is fixed and it does not reach every area. |
| Underground | It is fast in big cities and it runs in crowded hours, too. | It is more expensive than a bus and it can be very crowded. |
| Car | It is comfortable and it is flexible for families. | It is expensive, it causes pollution and it needs parking space. |
| Taxi | It is comfortable and it takes you door to door. | It is the most expensive option in the city. |
| Ferry and plane | They are the fastest ways to reach a distant island. | They are expensive and they depend on the weather. |
Deniz: How do you get to the city centre in the mornings?
Melis: I used to take the minibus, but it was very slow in traffic. Now I take the tram. It is cheaper than a taxi and it is not as crowded as the bus.
Deniz: But the tram is more expensive than the bus, isn't it?
Melis: Yes, it is, and it does not go to every neighbourhood. However, it is faster, and it is better for the environment. In the future I think people will use more trams and fewer cars.
In this dialogue we see used to for the old habit, the comparative with than, the equal comparison not as crowded as, the contracted question tag isn't it? and will for a future prediction.
Bu konuda otobüs, minibüs, tramvay, metro, tren, bisiklet, yürüme, otomobil, taksi, vapur ve uçak gibi ulaşım araçlarını avantaj ve dezavantajlarıyla inceledik. İki aracı karşılaştırırken comparative (cheaper than), üç ve daha fazla aracı karşılaştırırken superlative (the cheapest) kullanılır. Eşitlik için as... as, alt seviye için not as... as yapısı kullanılır; bu kalıpta than kullanılmaz. Geçmiş alışkanlıklar used to + V1, gelecek öngörüleri will + V1 ile anlatılır. Ulaşımda by geniş zaman kullanılmadan aracın adıyla kullanılır, yürüme için ise on foot denir.
In this lesson you will learn to compare ways of travelling in a city. You will study the transport vocabulary — bus, minibus, tram, underground, subway, metro, train, ferry, taxi, car, bicycle, walking, scooter — and the words that describe a network: route, stop, station, timetable, fare, traffic jam.
You will learn the language of advantages and disadvantages: cheaper, faster, more comfortable, safer, more reliable on the one hand, and more expensive, slower, more crowded, less reliable, more polluting on the other. You will also learn the useful phrases better for the environment, good for your health, it costs nothing, it does not cause pollution.
Finally you will use comparatives with than, superlatives with the, equality with as... as and lower level with not as... as, plus used to for old habits and will for future predictions.
You need three things ready.
First, comparatives and superlatives with the correct form: -er for short adjectives, more for long ones, the most for the top of a group.
Second, the pattern as + adjective + as. In this pattern than is impossible, and the adjective never changes into a comparative: say as crowded as, not as more crowded as.
Third, used to + base form and will + base form, because the topic asks you to describe a habit that changed and to predict what will happen in the city.
Read this comparison of two ways of getting to school.
I used to take the minibus, but it was very slow in traffic. Now I take the tram. It is cheaper than a taxi and it is not as crowded as the bus. My friend goes on foot because his house is near the school, and he says walking is the healthiest option for him.
Used to take describes the old habit, cheaper than a taxi is a comparative, and not as crowded as the bus places the tram below the bus. The final superlative, the healthiest option for him, keeps the claim personal rather than absolute.
Now write five sentences comparing two ways you travel, using the same four structures.
Compare a list of advantages with a balanced argument.
List: The tram is cheap. It is fast. It is clean. The bus is crowded.
Balanced: Although the tram is faster than the bus, it is more expensive and it does not reach every neighbourhood. However, it is better for the environment than a private car, and in my opinion more people will use it in the future as fares stay low.
The balanced version admits a disadvantage first, then adds an advantage, and closes with a measured prediction. In the exam, a text that lists only advantages looks like an advertisement rather than an argument, so it loses marks.
Follow these steps to compare transport options.
This table gives the standard advantages and disadvantages of the main options.
| Option | Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|---|
| walking | costs nothing, good for health | slow over long distances, depends on weather |
| bicycle | cheap, no pollution, no fuel | uncomfortable in bad weather, carries little |
| bus / minibus | cheap, many routes | crowded, late in traffic |
| tram | cheaper per kilometre, low pollution | fixed route, does not reach every area |
| underground | fast, runs in busy hours | more expensive, very crowded |
| car | comfortable, flexible for families | expensive, causes pollution, needs parking |
| taxi | door to door, comfortable | the most expensive option |
| ferry / plane | fastest to a distant island | expensive, depends on weather |
Careful: by takes no article (by bus, by bike), but on foot is the fixed phrase for walking.
Answer in full sentences and then check the key.
Answer key: 1) faster — a short adjective takes -er. 2) (b) — as... as takes the base form of the adjective. 3) The metro is the cheapest option in the city. — superlatives need the. 4) to drive — used to takes the base form. 5) I think more people will use electric buses in the future. 6) Any correct text, e.g. The bus is cheaper than the tram, but it is not as fast. I used to travel by car every day. The tram is more comfortable than the bus, and it is less polluting. In my opinion more people will use the tram in ten years. However, the tram does not go to every neighbourhood.
The main transportation options are the bus, the minibus, the tram, the underground (in British English the subway or the metro), the train, the bicycle, walking, the car, the taxi, the ferry and the plane. Public vehicles usually travel on a fixed route and stop at fixed stops. You get on a vehicle and get off it…
Kısa sıfatlar comparative için -er alır, uzun sıfatlar more alır.
Eşitlik yapısını bozmak: 'Cycling is not as cheap than the bus' denmez; eşitlik ve alt seviye karşılaştırmasında than yerine as kullanılır ve doğru biçim 'not as cheap as the bus' olur. Superlative'da 'the' unutmak: 'The tram is cheapest of all' yanlıştır; en üst derece karşılaştırmasında sıfatın önünde the bulunmalı…
Comparative: cheaper / more polluting than... · Superlative: the cheapest / the most crowded · Equality: as + adjective + as · Below a level: not as + adjective + as
Bir mahalle ve şehirde kullanılan ulaşım araçlarını işlevleriyle birlikte tanır. Karşılaştırma yapılarını comparative, superlative ve as... as kalıplarıyla doğru kurar. Bir ulaşım aracının avantaj ve dezavantajını yüzde, çevre ve süre açısından açıklar.
Which vehicle travels on rails under the streets of a big city?
Doğru cevap: A) an underground
An underground, also called a subway or a metro in some cities, runs in tunnels under the streets. A tram travels on rails at street level, a ferry crosses water and a bicycle has no rails at all, so the third option is the only one that matches the description.
Which sentence about a past habit is correct?
Doğru cevap: D) We used to go to the cinema every Saturday.
Used to is followed by the first form of the verb, so 'used to go' is correct. 'Used to went' uses a past form, 'used going' uses an -ing form, and 'use to' without the -d is not the standard structure for a finished past habit.
Which question correctly asks how someone travels to work?
Doğru cevap: B) How do you get to work?
How do you kavramı Pros and cons of different types of transportation in the neighbourhood and city konusunun temel bir kavramıdır. Detaylar konu anlatımında verilmiştir.
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