Body Parts, Human Illnesses and Diseases

Konu Anlatımı

1. Vücudun Bölümleri ve Sıfat Hâlleri

Bir sağlık şikâyetini anlatmanın ilk adımı, sıkâyetin hangi bölgede olduğunu net söylemektir. İngilizcede baş ve yüz için head, forehead, cheek, chin, nose, ear, mouth, tooth, tongue; gövde için neck, shoulder, chest, back, waist, hip, stomach, liver, heart, lung, brain, bone; kollar ve eller için arm, elbow, hand, finger, thumb; bacaklar için leg, knee, foot, toe kullanılır. Bu kelimelerin çoğu günlük İngilizcede tekil biçimde kullanılır.

Şikâyeti söyleyen kişi sıfat kullanmak zorundadır; çünkü sadece organın adını söylemek yeterli değildir. Ağrı, şişlik veya kırık gibi durumları belirten sıfat hâlleri organ adından önce gelir: a sore throat, a toothache, a stomach ache, a broken leg, a swollen ankle, a sprained wrist. Buna karşılık headache ve toothache tek kelimedir; stomach ache ise iki kelime hâlinde yazılır.

• shoulder → omuz · elbow → dirsek · wrist → bilek
• waist → bel · hip → kalça · thigh → uyluk
• lung → akciğer · kidney → böbrek · skin → deri

Tabloyu kullanırken iki noktaya dikkat etmek gerekir. Birincisi, the flu, the cold ve the measles gibi hastalık adlarının başında the vardır. İkincisi, an allergy ifadesindeki an ünsüz sesi gerektirir; çünkü allergy sesle başlar.

2. Hastalıklar ve have got / has got Yapısı

İngilizcede bir hastalığı veya şikâyeti bildirmek için en yaygın yapı have got / has got kalıbıdır. Özne I, you, we, they ise have got, özne he, she, it ise has got kullanılır. Olumsuz biçimde do not have got ve does not have got biçiminde yazılır. Have got yerine kısaca have da kullanılabilir: I have a cold. ile I have got a cold. aynı anlamı taşır.

Bu yapı özneye bir sahiplik bildirdiği için, sıfatla birlikte kullanıldığında çok doğal cümleler kurulur: She has got a high temperature. · My uncle has got a bad back. · The pupils have got toothaches. Süre bildirmek için for, son nokta bildirmek için until, başlangıç anı bildirmek için since kullanılır. Örneğin I have had this cough for three days. cümlesi for kullanır; since için bir başlangıç noktası gerekir: I have had this cough since Monday.

3. Tavsiye Verme: should ve should not

Sağlıkla ilgili önerilerde en sık kullanılan yapı should modal fiilidir. Should dan sonra her zaman fiilin yolun (base) biçimi gelir: You should drink more water. · You should see a dentist. · You should rest for a few days. Olumsuz öneride should not ya da kısaltmasıyla shouldn’t kullanılır: You shouldn’t stay up late. · You shouldn’t drink cold water when you have a fever.

Should bir zorunluluk değil, bir tavsiye bildirir. Bu yüzden You should see a doctor cümlesi gitmelisin anlamına gelmez, gitsen iyi olur anlamına gelir. Zorunluluk bildirmek için must veya have to kullanılır. Kısa sağlık önerilerinde should ve shouldn’t birlikte kullanılabilir: You should drink more water, and you shouldn’t eat too much sugar.

4. Örnek Diyalog: Ateşi Olan Bir Öğrenci

Doctor: Good morning. What is the matter?
Selin: I have got a sore throat and a high temperature, doctor. I have had it since yesterday evening.
Doctor: Do you have a cough as well?
Selin: Yes, I do. I also feel dizzy when I stand up.
Doctor: You have got the flu. You should stay in bed today and you shouldn’t go to school. You should drink plenty of water. If you don’t feel better until tomorrow, you should come back and see me.

Bu diyalog üç yapının birlikte çalıştığını gösterir: have got ile şikâyet bildirmek, have ile since / until kullanarak süre bildirmek ve should / shouldn’t ile doktorun önerisini aktarmak. Dikkat edilmesi gereken son nokta şudur: until bir zaman noktası alır, for ise bir süre alır.

Özet

Bu konuda önce vücut bölümlerinin adlarını öğrenir, sonra bu bölümlere sıfat hâli ekleyerek şikâyet cümlesi kurarsınız. Hastalık ve şikâyet bildirmek için have got / has got kalıbı kullanılır. Süre için for, son nokta için until, başlangıç anı için since kullanılır. Kısa sağlık önerilerinde should (tavsiye) ve shouldn’t (kaçınılması gereken davranış) yapılarından yararlanılır. Headache ve toothache tek kelime, stomach ache iki kelimedir.

Sık Yapılan Hatalar

• Yanlış: She have got a fever. → Doğru: She has got a fever.
• Yanlış: I have a head ache. → Doğru: I have a headache.
• Yanlış: You shouldn't to drink cold water. → Doğru: You shouldn’t drink cold water.
• Yanlış: I have got a cough since three days. → Doğru: I have had a cough for three days.
• Yanlış: He has got an stomach ache. → Doğru: He has got a stomach ache.

Ne Öğreneceğiz

In this lesson you will learn the words for the body and for common health problems. You will study the parts of the body — head, forehead, cheek, chin, nose, ear, mouth, tooth, tongue, neck, shoulder, chest, back, waist, hip, stomach, heart, lung, brain, arm, elbow, hand, finger, leg, knee, foot, toe — and you will see that English uses one word where Turkish sometimes uses a possessive form (my shoulder).

You will learn the illness patterns: have got + article + illness and the adjective forms that English builds differently from Turkish — a headache, a toothache, a sore throat, a stomach ache, an earache, a broken leg, a swollen ankle, a sprained wrist, a bad cough, a high temperature.

You will also learn the sentences used at the doctor's (It hurts here. It started two days ago. I feel tired all the time.) and the advice the doctor gives (Take this medicine twice a day. You should rest.).

Ön Bilgi

You need three things ready.

First, have got / has got. This is how illness is expressed in British English: I have got a headache, She has got a temperature. The question form is Have you got...?

Second, articles with illness nouns. Most complaints take a: a headache, a cough, a cold, a stomach ache. Some take no article at all: flu.

Third, the adjectives of condition that come before the body word: sore, broken, swollen, sprained, painful. In English the adjective goes before the noun, so a sore throat and not a throat sore.

Basit Örnek ve Günlük Yaşam

Read this short dialogue at a clinic and notice the pattern.

Doctor: What seems to be the problem? Patient: I have got a sore throat and a bad cough. It hurts when I swallow. Doctor: How long have you had it? Patient: It started three days ago, and I have had a temperature since yesterday. Doctor: You should rest and drink plenty of water. Take this medicine twice a day. Patient: Should I stay at home? Doctor: Yes, you shouldn't go to school for two days.

The patient uses have got, a body part with an adjective, and a duration. The doctor uses should, shouldn't and an imperative (Take this medicine).

Now write a similar six-line dialogue about a sprained ankle.

İleri Örnek

Compare a simple complaint with a fuller description.

Simple: I have a headache. I feel bad. I need medicine.

Fuller: I have had a bad headache since this morning, and it gets worse when I look at a screen. I also feel dizzy, and I haven't eaten anything since last night.

The second version gives the duration (since this morning), the trigger (when I look at a screen) and a second symptom (I feel dizzy). Doctors and exam tasks both reward that detail, because a single symptom does not describe the situation.

Adım Adım Çözülmüş Örnek

Follow these steps to describe a health problem.

1. Step 1 — Name the body part with an article. I have got a pain in my knee.
2. Step 2 — Add the condition adjective before the part. a swollen knee, a broken wrist, a sore throat.
3. Step 3 — Say when it started. It started two days ago. Or use the present perfect with since: I have had it since Monday.
4. Step 4 — Describe the feeling with it hurts or a symptom verb. It hurts when I walk. · I feel dizzy. · I keep coughing.
5. Step 5 — State what you cannot do. I can't lift my arm. · I wasn't able to sleep.
6. Step 6 — Report the advice with should. The doctor said I should rest for a week.

Karşılaştırma Tablosu

Body and illness words are often confused. This table separates them.

Careful: headache and toothache are single words, but stomach ache and earache are two words, and sore throat uses an adjective.

Kendini Dene

Answer in full sentences and then check the key.

1. Complete: She ____ (have got) a terrible toothache.
2. Which sentence is correct? (a) I have headache. (b) I have got a headache. (c) I have got headache.
3. Rewrite correctly: He has got a throat sore.
4. Fill in: I have got a pain ____ my back. (in / on / at)
5. Write the word that means the joint between the hand and the forearm.
6. Write a six-line dialogue between a patient and a doctor. Use have got once, one duration expression and two pieces of advice with should or shouldn't.

Answer key: 1) has got — third person singular takes has. 2) (b) — the illness noun needs the article a. 3) He has got a sore throat. — the adjective comes before the noun and sore throat is two words. 4) in — pain is located in a body part. 5) wrist. 6) Any correct dialogue, e.g. What is the problem? — I have got a swollen ankle and I can't walk properly. — When did it happen? — I fell while I was playing football three days ago. — You should keep your foot up and put ice on it. — Should I go to school tomorrow? — No, you shouldn't walk on it for two days.