Grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, speaking
Okul dersleri, kulüpler ve okul etkinlikleri kelime dağarcığı
Okul hayatı; dersleri, öğretmenleri, arkadaşları, kulüpleri ve günlük rutinleri kapsar. Bu ünitede okul ile ilgili temel kelimeleri öğrenip Present Simple ve Present Continuous zamanlarını okul bağlamında kullanacağız.
Okulda gördüğümüz dersleri ifade ederken sadece ders adını değil, o derse ait becerileri de öğrenmek gerekir. Örneğin matematikte solve problems, resimde draw pictures fiilleri kullanılır.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek Cümle |
|---|---|---|
| Mathematics (Maths) | Matematik | We solve problems in Maths. |
| Science | Fen Bilimleri | Science teaches us about nature. |
| Physics | Fizik | Physics is my favourite subject. |
| Chemistry | Kimya | We do experiments in Chemistry. |
| Biology | Biyoloji | Biology is the study of living things. |
| History | Tarih | We learn about the past in History. |
| Geography | Coğrafya | Geography is about the Earth. |
| Literature | Edebiyat | We read poems in Literature. |
| Physical Education (PE) | Beden Eğitimi | We play sports in PE. |
| Information Technology (IT) | Bilişim Teknolojileri | We code computers in IT. |
| Art | Resim / Sanat | I draw pictures in Art class. |
| Music | Müzik | She plays the violin in Music. |
| Religious Culture | Din Kültürü | Religious Culture is on Tuesday. |
| Foreign Language | Yabancı Dil | English is our foreign language. |
Bu konuda okul hayatının temel kelime hazinesini öğrendik.
Türkçe: "En sevdiğim ders matematik çünkü problem çözmeyi seviyorum." cümlesini İngilizceye çeviriniz.
Konu belirle: My favourite subject is Maths. Gerekçe ekle: because I love solving problems. Cevap: My favourite subject is Maths because I love solving problems.Fill in the blanks: We ______ experiments in ______ class. (do / Chemistry)
Fiil seç: do experiments (deney yapmak) Ders adı büyük harf: Chemistry Cevap: We do experiments in Chemistry class.How many subjects do you have on Monday, and which one is the hardest?
Sayı belirt: I have six subjects on Monday. En zoru belirt + neden: Physics is the hardest for me because of the formulas. Cevap: I have six subjects on Monday. Physics is the hardest for me because of the formulas.Geniş zaman ve şimdiki zamanın okul hayatında karşılaştırılması
Okul hayatını anlatırken iki temel zamanı sık kullanırız. Present Simple tekrarlanan rutinleri (I go to school every day), Present Continuous ise konuşma anında süren olayları (I am studying right now) ifade eder.
| Present Simple | Present Continuous |
|---|---|
| every day, always, usually, often, sometimes, never | now, right now, at the moment, today, this week |
| Kalıcı durumlar ve rutinler | Geçici durumlar ve süren eylemler |
| I take the bus to school every morning. | I am taking the bus to school today. |
| She studies hard for her exams. | She is studying for her exam right now. |
| We have English on Monday. | We are having a test this morning. |
Sevgi, düşünce, sahiplik ve duygu bildiren fiiller genellikle Continuous ile kullanılmaz: like, love, hate, know, understand, want, need, believe, belong, own, seem.
İki zamanı ayırt etmenin anahtarı, eylemin rutin mi yoksa şu ana mı ait olduğudur.
I ______ (study) for my exam at the moment, so I can't talk.
İpucu: at the moment → Present Continuous Yapı: am/is/are + V-ing Cevap: I am studying for my exam at the moment, so I can't talk.Put the verbs in the correct tense: She usually ______ (walk) to school, but today she ______ (take) the bus.
usually → Present Simple: walks today (geçici) → Present Continuous: is taking Cevap: She usually walks to school, but today she is taking the bus.Make a question: (you / enjoy / your new school / ?)
Genel soru → Do you...? Cevap: Do you enjoy your new school?Okul binaları, okul günü anlatımı ve okuma becerisi
Okulumuzu tanıtırken binaları, sınıfları ve olanakları betimleriz. there is / there are yapısı ve yer edatları (next to, opposite, between) bu betimlemede çok işe yarar.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| classroom | sınıf | Our classroom is on the second floor. |
| laboratory (lab) | laboratuvar | We do experiments in the lab. |
| library | kütüphane | I borrow books from the library. |
| canteen / cafeteria | kantin / yemekhane | We have lunch in the canteen. |
| gym / sports hall | spor salonu | PE lessons are in the gym. |
| auditorium | konferans salonu | The concert is in the auditorium. |
| playground | oyun alanı | Students play in the playground. |
| headmaster's office | müdür odası | The headmaster's office is near the gate. |
| staff room | öğretmenler odası | Teachers meet in the staff room. |
| notice board | ilan panosu | Announcements are on the notice board. |
Greenhill Secondary School is a large school with about 900 students. There is a modern science laboratory and two computer rooms. The library is next to the main hall, and there are more than 5,000 books in it. The canteen serves healthy meals every day. Students usually arrive at school at 8:15 and the first lesson starts at 8:30. There is a short break at 10:10, and during the break many students play basketball in the playground. Lessons finish at 3:20. After school, some students attend the drama club while others revise for their exams in the library. Everyone agrees that Greenhill is a lively and friendly school.
Okul binası ve okul günü, yer edatları ve there is/are ile betimlenir.
Fill in: ______ a library in our school and ______ two labs.
"a library" tekil → There is "two labs" çoğul → there are Cevap: There is a library in our school and there are two labs.Where is the canteen? (between / the gym / the library)
between A and B kalıbı Cevap: The canteen is between the gym and the library.Write 3 sentences about your school using there is/are and a preposition.
Sayı belirt: There are 25 classrooms in my school. Konum belirt: The library is next to the canteen. Örnek: There are 25 classrooms in my school. The library is next to the canteen. There is a large playground behind the main building.Gelecek zaman: ani kararlar, tahminler, planlar ve niyetler
Gelecekten bahsederken en çok will ve be going to kullanılır. İkisi de gelecek anlamı verir ancak kullanım amaçları farklıdır.
Gelecek için iki temel yapıyı amaçlarına göre seçeriz.
The phone is ringing. I ______ (answer) it.
Konuşma anında alınan ani karar → will Cevap: The phone is ringing. I will answer it.We already bought the tickets. We ______ (fly) to Izmir on Friday.
Önceden alınmış karar/plan → be going to Cevap: We already bought the tickets. We are going to fly to Izmir on Friday.Look at the sky! It ______ (rain).
Gözle görülen kanıt (bulutlar) → is going to rain Cevap: Look at the sky! It is going to rain.Present Continuous, Present Simple ve Future Continuous ile planlar
Gelecek sadece will ve be going to ile anlatılmaz. Kesinleşmiş düzenlemeler ve programlar için farklı yapılar kullanılır.
Önceden ayarlanmış, kişisel düzenlemeler için kullanılır. Saat ve yer belirtilir:
Ulaşım tarifeleri, ders ve film programları gibi resmi programlar için kullanılır:
Gelecekte belirli bir anda devam edecek eylemleri anlatır:
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| tomorrow | yarın | I am going to study tomorrow. |
| the day after tomorrow | öbür gün | We will meet the day after tomorrow. |
| next week / month / year | gelecek hafta/ay/yıl | She will start next week. |
| this weekend | bu hafta sonu | We are going camping this weekend. |
| in two days | iki gün içinde | The results will come in two days. |
| soon | yakında | I will call you soon. |
| later | daha sonra | I will do it later. |
| make an appointment | randevu almak | I made an appointment with the doctor. |
| arrange a meeting | toplantı ayarlamak | We arranged a meeting for Friday. |
| be free | müsait olmak | Are you free tomorrow evening? |
Gelecek, duruma göre dört farklı yapıyla anlatılır.
I ______ (see) my dentist at 4 p.m. tomorrow. (Randevu alındı.)
Kesin kişisel randevu → Present Continuous Cevap: I am seeing my dentist at 4 p.m. tomorrow.The bus ______ (leave) at 6:30 in the morning.
Resmi tarife → Present Simple Cevap: The bus leaves at 6:30 in the morning.At 10 p.m. tonight, I ______ (sleep).
Gelecekte belirli anda süren eylem → will be + V-ing Cevap: At 10 p.m. tonight, I will be sleeping.Gelecek planları, hedefler ve kariyer kelime dağarcığı
Gelecek planlarını anlatırken sadece zaman yapıları değil, uygun kalıplar da gerekir: plan to, hope to, want to, intend to, would like to.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| engineer | mühendis | He wants to be a software engineer. |
| architect | mimar | She is going to study to be an architect. |
| scientist | bilim insanı | I hope to become a scientist. |
| journalist | gazeteci | He plans to work as a journalist. |
| accountant | muhasebeci | My cousin is an accountant. |
| surgeon | cerrah | A surgeon performs operations. |
| translator | çevirmen | She wants to be a translator. |
| entrepreneur | girişimci | He would like to be an entrepreneur. |
| career | kariyer | I want a successful career. |
| abroad | yurt dışında | She plans to study abroad. |
Dear Deniz,
How are you? I hope you are well. I am writing to tell you about my future plans. This year, I am going to study hard for the university exam. I plan to study computer engineering because I love technology. After that, I would like to work as a software developer in a big company. In the future, I hope to start my own business and maybe live abroad for a few years. I also want to improve my English and learn German. By the way, what are your plans for next year? Write back soon!
Best wishes, Ece
Plan ve hedefler, uygun kalıplar ve bağlaçlarla ifade edilir.
Türkçe: "Doktor olmayı umuyorum." cümlesini çeviriniz.
Kalıp: hope to + V1 Cevap: I hope to become a doctor.Join the sentences: I will finish school. I will travel. (After that)
Sıralama bağlacı ekle Cevap: I will finish school. After that, I will travel.Write two sentences about your future plans using "plan to" and "hope to".
Plan: I plan to study engineering. Umut: I hope to work abroad one day. Örnek: I plan to study engineering next year. I hope to work abroad one day.Geçmiş zaman: düzenli ve düzensiz fiiller, olumlu-olumsuz-soru
Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlayıp biten eylemler için Past Simple kullanılır. Efsanevi kişilerin hayatlarını anlatırken bu zaman vazgeçilmezdir.
| Kural | Örnek |
|---|---|
| Genellikle -ed eklenir | work → worked, play → played |
| Sonu -e ise yalnızca -d | live → lived, love → loved |
| sessiz + y → y düşer, -ied | study → studied, carry → carried |
| ünlü + y → -ed | play → played, enjoy → enjoyed |
| kısa ünlü + tek sessiz → harf ikizlenir | stop → stopped, plan → planned |
| V1 | V2 (Past) | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | olmak |
| go | went | gitmek |
| write | wrote | yazmak |
| discover | discovered | keşfetmek |
| make | made | yapmak |
| invent | invented | icat etmek |
| become | became | olmak (hâline gelmek) |
| give | gave | vermek |
| win | won | kazanmak |
| fight | fought | savaşmak |
| teach | taught | öğretmek |
| build | built | inşa etmek |
Past Simple, geçmişte bitmiş eylemleri anlatır.
Put the verbs in Past Simple: He ______ (invent) the light bulb and ______ (become) famous.
invent → düzenli: invented become → düzensiz: became Cevap: He invented the light bulb and became famous.Make it negative: She wrote a diary.
didn't + V1 kuralı Cevap: She didn't write a diary.Make a question: They lived in Ankara for ten years.
Did ile başla, fiil yalın Cevap: Did they live in Ankara for ten years?Geçmişte süren eylem ile onu kesen eylemin anlatımı
Past Continuous geçmişte belirli bir anda sürmekte olan eylemi (I was reading), Past Simple ise bu eylemi kesen ya da tamamlanan eylemi (the phone rang) anlatır.
| Bağlaç | Kullanım | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| when | Kısa, kesen eylemden önce | I was sleeping when the alarm rang. |
| while | Uzun, süren eylemden önce | While I was reading, the lights went out. |
| as | İki eylem aynı anda başlar | As he was leaving, he waved. |
İki geçmiş zaman birlikte arka plan ve olayı anlatır.
Join them: I was walking home. I met an old friend. (when)
Süren eylem → Past Continuous: was walking Kesen eylem → Past Simple: met Cevap: I was walking home when I met an old friend.Join them: My mother was cooking. I was doing my homework. (while)
İki eylem de sürüyor → iki Past Continuous Cevap: While my mother was cooking, I was doing my homework.Yesterday at 9, I ______ (watch) TV when the power ______ (go) out.
Süren → was watching, kesen → went Cevap: Yesterday at 9, I was watching TV when the power went out.Efsanevi kişiler, biyografi yazımı ve kelime dağarcığı
Tarihe yön vermiş bilim insanları, mucitler, liderler ve sanatçılar legendary figures olarak adlandırılır. Onları tanıtırken Past Simple ağırlıklı bir biyografi dili kullanılır.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| scientist | bilim insanı | Albert Einstein was a famous scientist. |
| inventor | mucit | Thomas Edison was a great inventor. |
| explorer | kâşif | Marco Polo was an explorer. |
| leader | lider | Atatürk was a great leader. |
| poet | şair | Yunus Emre was a Turkish poet. |
| composer | bestekâr | Mozart was a composer. |
| discovery | keşif | The discovery of penicillin changed medicine. |
| invention | icat | The invention of the wheel was important. |
| achieve | başarmak | She achieved great success. |
| contribute | katkıda bulunmak | He contributed to science. |
| courage | cesaret | She showed great courage. |
| legacy | miras | His legacy still lives today. |
| found | kurmak | He founded a new company. |
| inspire | ilham vermek | Her story inspires many people. |
Thomas Edison was born in Ohio, the USA, in 1847. As a child, he was curious and asked many questions. He only attended school for a few months, but he never stopped learning. In 1879, he invented the first practical light bulb. He also developed the phonograph and improved the telephone. Edison did not give up after his failures. He once said, "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." He became one of the most famous inventors in history and inspired millions of people around the world.
Efsanevi kişiler biyografi formatında Past Simple ile anlatılır.
Write a sentence about Albert Einstein using "born" and "famous for".
Doğum: was born in Germany in 1879 Ün: famous for his theory of relativity Cevap: Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 and is famous for his theory of relativity.Marie Curie ______ (discover) radium and ______ (win) two Nobel Prizes.
discover → düzenli: discovered win → düzensiz: won Cevap: Marie Curie discovered radium and won two Nobel Prizes.Write 3 sentences about a legendary figure you admire.
Giriş: kim olduğu. Başarı: ne yaptığı. Örnek: Atatürk was born in 1881 in Selanik. He founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923. He is known as a great leader who changed history.Geçmişteki alışkanlıklar ve artık geçerli olmayan durumlar
used to + V1, geçmişte düzenli olarak yapılan ama artık yapılmayan eylemleri ve geçmişteki durumları anlatır. Türkçeye genellikle "-erdi" ya da "eskiden ... yapardı" olarak çevrilir.
Karşılaştırma: I used to ride a bike to school (geçmiş alışkanlık) ↔ I ride a bike to school (şimdiki alışkanlık).
would yalnızca geçmişteki tekrarlanan eylemleri anlatır; durumlar için kullanılmaz. I used to have a bicycle (durum) — burada would have olmaz.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| tradition | gelenek | Family dinners are a tradition. |
| custom | görenek | Kissing hands is a Turkish custom. |
| celebrate | kutlamak | We celebrate Ramadan together. |
| ceremony | tören | The wedding ceremony was beautiful. |
| generation | nesil | Different generations have different habits. |
| ancestor | ata | Our ancestors lived in tents. |
| keep a tradition alive | geleneği yaşatmak | We try to keep the tradition alive. |
| pass down | nesilden nesile aktarmak | Recipes are passed down in families. |
| nowadays | günümüzde | Nowadays people use smartphones. |
| in the past | geçmişte | In the past, people wrote letters. |
used to, geçmişte kalan alışkanlık ve durumları anlatır.
Tamamla: My grandmother ______ (make) bread at home.
Geçmiş alışkanlık → used to + V1 Cevap: My grandmother used to make bread at home.Make it negative: People used to travel by horse.
didn't + use to + V1 Cevap: People didn't use to travel by horse.Write a sentence comparing the past and the present about communication.
Geçmiş: People used to write letters. Şimdi: Nowadays they send text messages. Örnek: People used to write letters, but nowadays they send text messages.Alışkın olmak ve alışmak yapılarının karşılaştırılması
Bu üç yapı sık karıştırılır. Anlam farkları şöyledir:
| Yapı | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| used to + V1 | Geçmişte yapardı (artık yapmıyor) | I used to get up late. |
| be used to + V-ing/noun | Alışkın olmak (durum) | I am used to getting up early. |
| get used to + V-ing/noun | Alışmak (süreç) | I am getting used to getting up early. |
Üç yapının anlamı birbirinden farklıdır.
I moved to Istanbul last month. I ______ (get) used to the traffic.
Alışma süreci → getting used to Cevap: I moved to Istanbul last month. I am getting used to the traffic.She is used to ______ (wake) up at 6 a.m.
be used to + V-ing Cevap: She is used to waking up at 6 a.m.Explain the difference: "I used to live in a village" vs "I am used to living in a village".
Birincisi: geçmişte yaşıyordum, artık yaşamıyorum. Cevap: İlki geçmiş alışkanlık/durum (artık geçerli değil); ikincisi köyde yaşamaya alışkın olmak anlamındadır.Gelenekler, kutlamalar ve kültürel kelime dağarcığı
Her kültürün kendine özgü gelenekleri vardır. Bu konuda gelenekleri tanımlayan kelimeleri öğrenip bir kutlamayı anlatacağız.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| festival | festival / şenlik | The festival lasts three days. |
| feast | ziyafet | We had a big feast on Bayram. |
| gather | toplanmak | Families gather for dinner. |
| greet | selamlamak | They greet each other with a hug. |
| respect | saygı göstermek | We respect our elders. |
| candle | mum | People light candles at the ceremony. |
| costume | kostüm / kıyafet | They wear traditional costumes. |
| parade | geçit töreni | There is a parade in the streets. |
| symbol | sembol | The eagle is a symbol of power. |
| superstition | batıl inanç | Breaking a mirror is a superstition. |
| ritual | ritüel | Coffee has a ritual in Turkish culture. |
| heritage | miras | This dance is part of our heritage. |
Turkish weddings have many colourful traditions. Before the wedding, the bride's family and the groom's family meet to decide the details. On the wedding day, the bride wears a beautiful white dress, and the guests throw rice or coins for good luck. At the end of the ceremony, the couple takes the "first dance" together. In some regions, friends tie a red ribbon around the bride's waist, and the groom removes it. This is a symbol of joy and love. Although modern weddings are different from the past, most families still keep these traditions alive because they bring people together.
Gelenekler, kültürel kelimeler ve sıralama bağlaçlarıyla anlatılır.
Write a sentence about a tradition using "It is a tradition to...".
Kalıp: It is a tradition to + V1 Cevap: It is a tradition to visit grandparents during Bayram.Describe an old tradition: People ______ (light) candles during the festival.
Geçmişte kalmış alışkanlık → used to light Cevap: People used to light candles during the festival.Write 3 sentences describing a celebration in your culture.
Ne zaman: Hıdırellez takes place in May. Nasıl: People jump over a fire and make wishes. Örnek: Hıdırellez takes place in May. People jump over a fire and make wishes. It is a tradition to celebrate the arrival of spring.Seyahat, tatil, ulaşım ve konaklama kelime dağarcığı
Seyahat; ulaşımı, konaklamayı, rezervasyonu ve gezi planlarını kapsar. Bu konuda temel kelime dağarcığını öğreneceğiz.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| travel | seyahat etmek | I love to travel by train. |
| journey / trip | yolculuk / gezi | Have a nice trip! |
| destination | varış yeri | Our destination is Cappadocia. |
| luggage | bagaj | My luggage is too heavy. |
| passport | pasaport | Don't forget your passport. |
| boarding pass | biniş kartı | Show your boarding pass at the gate. |
| reserve / book | rezervasyon yapmak | I booked a hotel room. |
| accommodation | konaklama | We found cheap accommodation. |
| sightseeing | gezi / gezme | We went sightseeing all day. |
| guided tour | rehberli tur | We joined a guided tour. |
| departure / arrival | kalkış / varış | The departure is at 6 p.m. |
| delay | rötar / gecikme | There was a two-hour delay. |
| return ticket | gidiş-dönüş bileti | I'd like a return ticket, please. |
| souvenir | hediyelik eşya | I bought souvenirs for my family. |
Seyahat, ulaşım ve konaklama kelimeleri ile plan yapılır.
You want to book a room for two nights. Write a sentence.
Kalıp: I'd like to book... Cevap: I'd like to book a double room for two nights, please.Complete: We travelled ______ plane and then ______ foot.
by plane, on foot Cevap: We travelled by plane and then on foot.Ask about the departure time politely.
Could you tell me...? / What time...? Cevap: Could you tell me what time the train leaves?Yol sorma, tarif etme ve yer edatları
Yabancı bir şehirde yön bulmak için hem soru hem de cevap kalıplarını bilmek gerekir. Emir kipi (imperative) yön tarifinde sık kullanılır.
| Edat | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| along | boyunca | Walk along the river. |
| across | karşıya | Go across the bridge. |
| through | içinden | Drive through the tunnel. |
| past | yanından geçerek | Go past the school. |
| into / out of | içine / dışına | Turn into the first street. |
| up / down | yukarı / aşağı | Go up the hill. |
Yön tarifi, emir kipi ve hareket edatlarıyla yapılır.
Ask the way to the nearest bank politely.
Excuse me + How do I get to...? Cevap: Excuse me, how do I get to the nearest bank?Give directions to the museum. (straight / traffic lights / turn right)
Sıralama bağlaçlarıyla birleştir Cevap: Go straight ahead, then turn right at the traffic lights. The museum is on your left.Answer: How far is the station from here?
Mesafe belirt: about... on foot Cevap: It's about ten minutes on foot from here.Present Perfect ve Past Simple ile seyahat deneyimleri
Yaşadığımız deneyimlerden bahsederken Present Perfect (have/has + V3) kullanılır. Deneyimin ne zaman olduğu önemli değilse Present Perfect, ayrıntı verilecekse Past Simple tercih edilir.
| Zarf | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| ever | hiç | Have you ever been to London? |
| never | hiç / asla | I have never seen the sea. |
| already | çoktan | We have already booked the tickets. |
| yet | henüz | I haven't packed my suitcase yet. |
| just | az önce | She has just arrived at the airport. |
| before | daha önce | I have been here before. |
| Present Perfect (deneyim) | Past Simple (ayrıntı) |
|---|---|
| I have been to Rome. | I went to Rome in 2022. |
| Zaman önemli değil, deneyim önemli. | Belirli bir zaman verilir. |
| She has tried sushi. | She tried sushi last Friday. |
Seyahat deneyimleri Present Perfect ile anlatılır.
Ask if your friend has ever been to Japan.
Have you ever + V3? Cevap: Have you ever been to Japan?Choose the correct form: I ______ (visit) Italy three times. I ______ (go) there first in 2018.
Deneyim → have visited Belirli zaman → went Cevap: I have visited Italy three times. I went there first in 2018.Complete: I have been in this city ______ 2020.
Başlangıç noktası → since Cevap: I have been in this city since 2020.Tavsiye ve öneri verme yapıları
Birine ne yapması gerektiğini söylerken should ve ought to kullanılır. İkisi anlamca yakındır; ought to biraz daha resmi ve vurguludur.
Tavsiye ve öneri, modal yapılarla verilir.
Your friend has a headache. Give advice.
should + V1 Cevap: You should take some medicine and rest.Give negative advice: (eat / too much sugar)
shouldn't + V1 Cevap: You shouldn't eat too much sugar.Ask for advice about studying for an exam.
Should I...? Cevap: Should I study grammar or vocabulary first?Zorunluluk, gereklilik ve yasak arasındaki farklar
Zorunluluk, gereklilik ve yasak bildiren yapılar anlam bakımından güç sıralamasına sahiptir. Özellikle mustn't ve don't have to sık karıştırılır.
| Yapı | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| must | Güçlü kişisel zorunluluk | I must finish this project. |
| have to | Dışsal kural/zorunluluk | Students have to wear uniforms. |
| mustn't | Yasak | You mustn't park here. |
| don't have to | Gerekli değil | You don't have to pay. |
| should | Tavsiye (zorunlu değil) | You should eat vegetables. |
| had better | Uyarı | You'd better not be late. |
Zorunluluk kipleri anlam gücüne göre sıralanır.
Write a school rule about phones in class.
mustn't + V1 Cevap: Students mustn't use mobile phones in class.Complete: Tomorrow is a holiday, so we ______ (not / get up) early.
Gerek yok → don't have to Cevap: Tomorrow is a holiday, so we don't have to get up early.Complete: Last year I ______ (study) very hard for the exam.
Geçmiş zorunluluk → had to Cevap: Last year I had to study very hard for the exam.Tavsiye metinleri, sağlık ve yaşam ipuçları kelime dağarcığı
Sağlık, ders çalışma ve dijital yaşam gibi konularda tavsiye vermek için kalıplar ve kelime bilgisi gerekir.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| advice | tavsiye | Can I give you some advice? |
| recommend | önermek | I recommend drinking more water. |
| tip | ipucu | Here are some useful tips. |
| healthy | sağlıklı | Eat healthy food every day. |
| balanced diet | dengeli beslenme | A balanced diet keeps you fit. |
| exercise | egzersiz yapmak | You should exercise regularly. |
| take a break | mola vermek | Take a break every hour. |
| get enough sleep | yeterince uyumak | Try to get enough sleep. |
| manage time | zamanı yönetmek | Learn to manage your time. |
| stay focused | odaklanmak | Stay focused while studying. |
| avoid | kaçınmak | Avoid junk food. |
| improve | geliştirmek | Read daily to improve your English. |
Being healthy and successful is not magic; it is about good habits. First, you should eat a balanced diet and avoid too much sugar. Secondly, you ought to exercise for at least thirty minutes a day. Thirdly, you must get enough sleep, because your brain needs rest. For studying, you should make a plan and take short breaks every hour. You shouldn't study in a noisy place. If you feel stressed, you'd better talk to someone you trust. Remember, small changes can make a big difference. If I were you, I would start today!
Tavsiye metinleri, modal yapılar ve sıralama bağlaçlarıyla kurulur.
Write two tips for learning English using "First" and "Secondly" and "should".
First + should Secondly + should Örnek: First, you should read English texts every day. Secondly, you should practise speaking with friends.Problem: "I am always tired." Give advice.
should / ought to Cevap: You should go to bed earlier and get enough sleep.Complete with the correct form: I recommend ______ (take) a break, and you should avoid ______ (study) late at night.
recommend + V-ing, avoid + V-ing Cevap: I recommend taking a break, and you should avoid studying late at night.Yemek kelimeleri, sayılabilen/sayılamayan isimler ve miktar belirteçleri
Yemek konusunda en önemli dilbilgisi ayrımı sayılabilen (countable) ve sayılamayan (uncountable) isimlerdir.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| vegetables | sebzeler | Eat plenty of vegetables. |
| fruit | meyve | Fruit is good for your health. |
| dairy products | süt ürünleri | Milk and cheese are dairy products. |
| meat | et | She doesn't eat red meat. |
| seafood | deniz ürünleri | Seafood is popular in this region. |
| grain / cereal | tahıl | Bread is made from grain. |
| dessert | tatlı | Baklava is a famous Turkish dessert. |
| starter | başlangıç | We ordered soup as a starter. |
| main course | ana yemek | Kebab is a popular main course. |
| beverage | içecek | Would you like a hot beverage? |
| recipe | tarif | Can you share the recipe? |
| ingredient | malzeme | What are the ingredients? |
| Countable (sayılabilir) | Uncountable (sayılamaz) |
|---|---|
| an apple, two eggs, three sandwiches | milk, water, rice, bread, cheese |
| a/an kullanılabilir | a/an kullanılamaz |
| How many? / many / few | How much? / much / little |
Not: Bazı isimler hem sayılabilir hem sayılamaz olabilir: two coffees (iki kahve) / some coffee (biraz kahve).
Yemek isimleri miktar belirteçleriyle birlikte kullanılır.
Complete: How ______ sugar do you take? How ______ eggs do we need?
sugar (sayılamaz) → much eggs (sayılabilir) → many Cevap: How much sugar do you take? How many eggs do we need?Complete: I have ______ bread, but I don't have ______ cheese.
Olumlu → some; olumsuz → any Cevap: I have some bread, but I don't have any cheese.Complete: Add ______ salt and ______ tomatoes.
salt (sayılamaz) → a little; tomatoes (sayılabilir) → a few Cevap: Add a little salt and a few tomatoes.Dünya festivalleri, kutlamalar ve özel günler
Festivaller; yemek, müzik, dans ve geleneklerin bir arada yaşandığı kutlamalardır. Bir festivali anlatırken when, where, how sorularına yanıt veririz.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| celebrate | kutlamak | People celebrate Diwali in autumn. |
| celebration | kutlama | The celebration lasts several days. |
| decorate | süslemek | They decorate the streets with lights. |
| fireworks | havai fişek | There are fireworks at midnight. |
| traditional | geleneksel | We wear traditional clothes. |
| crowd | kalabalık | The crowd was huge. |
| performance | gösteri | There was a dance performance. |
| lantern | fener | People carry colourful lanterns. |
| harvest | hasat | It is a harvest festival. |
| take place | gerçekleşmek | The festival takes place in spring. |
Diwali is one of the most important festivals in India. It usually takes place in October or November and lasts five days. During Diwali, people clean and decorate their homes with small oil lamps called diyas and colourful lights. Families gather, share sweets, and set off fireworks. People wear their best clothes and visit their relatives. Diwali celebrates the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. Although it started as a religious festival, today people of many backgrounds enjoy it. It is a time of joy, generosity and togetherness.
Festivaller zaman, yer ve geleneklerle tanıtılır.
Write a sentence about a festival using "takes place".
Kalıp: takes place + time/place Cevap: The Rio Carnival takes place in Brazil every February.Complete: Diwali is celebrated ______ November, and Halloween is ______ 31 October.
Ay → in; gün → on Cevap: Diwali is celebrated in November, and Halloween is on 31 October.Compare two festivals using "whereas".
whereas iki farklı durumu bağlar Örnek: Diwali is celebrated in autumn, whereas Hıdırellez takes place in spring.Restoranda yemek siparişi ve kibar rica yapıları
Restoranda iletişim kibar kalıplarla yürütülür. Would you like...?, Could I have...?, I'd like... en sık kullanılan yapılardır.
Restoran iletişimi kibar rica kalıplarıyla yürütülür.
You want the grilled fish and a salad politely.
I'd like... Cevap: I'd like the grilled fish and a salad, please.Ask for a glass of water and the bill.
Could I have...? Cevap: Could I have a glass of water, and could we have the bill, please?Write a mini dialogue between a waiter and a customer.
Waiter's question + customer's polite answer Örnek: Waiter: Are you ready to order? — Customer: Yes, I'd like the chicken, please. Waiter: Would you like a drink? — Customer: Just water, thank you.Teknoloji, cihazlar ve dijital yaşam kelime dağarcığı
Dijital çağ; cihazlar, internet, yazılım ve sosyal medyayı kapsar. Bu konuda teknoloji kelime dağarcığını öğreniyoruz.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| device | cihaz | A smartphone is a useful device. |
| screen | ekran | Don't spend hours in front of a screen. |
| app (application) | uygulama | I downloaded a language app. |
| software | yazılım | The software protects your data. |
| hardware | donanım | The hardware is very fast. |
| download / upload | indirmek / yüklemek | I uploaded a video. |
| log in / log out | giriş/çıkış yapmak | Log in with your password. |
| password | şifre | Use a strong password. |
| social media | sosyal medya | Many teens use social media. |
| post / share | paylaşmak | She shared a photo online. |
| stream | yayın akışı / çevrimiçi izlemek | We stream films at home. |
| virtual reality (VR) | sanal gerçeklik | VR is used in education. |
| artificial intelligence (AI) | yapay zekâ | AI can translate languages. |
| cyber security | siber güvenlik | Cyber security is important. |
Technology has changed the way we live, learn and communicate. Today, most students use a smartphone or a tablet to access information, take notes and attend online classes. Social media allows us to stay in touch with friends, but it can also distract us from our studies. Streaming services provide endless entertainment, and virtual reality is opening new doors in education. However, we should use technology wisely. We must protect our privacy, use strong passwords and take regular breaks from screens. In my opinion, technology is a great tool as long as we control it instead of letting it control us.
Dijital çağ kelime dağarcığı cihaz, internet ve güvenliği kapsar.
Complete: Remember to ______ your phone before the trip and ______ your privacy online.
charge your phone / protect your privacy Cevap: Remember to charge your phone before the trip and protect your privacy online.Write an opinion about social media using "however".
Olumlu + however + olumsuz Örnek: Social media helps us stay in touch; however, it can also distract us.Define "hardware" and "software" in one sentence.
Karşıtlık kur Cevap: Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer, whereas software refers to its programs.Edilgen yapı: am/is/are + V3 ve was/were + V3
Eylemi kimin yaptığı önemli değilse ya da bilinmiyorsa edilgen (passive) yapı kullanılır. Özne, eylemi yapan değil eylemden etkilenen olur.
| Aktif (Active) | Edilgen (Passive) |
|---|---|
| People use smartphones everywhere. | Smartphones are used everywhere. |
| Tim Berners-Lee invented the Web. | The Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee. |
| They produce AI chips in Taiwan. | AI chips are produced in Taiwan. |
| Someone stole my password. | My password was stolen. |
Passive Voice, eylemi öne çıkarır.
Change to passive: People use computers in schools.
Nesne özne olur: Computers... be (are) + V3 (used) Cevap: Computers are used in schools.Change to passive: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
The telephone + was + invented + by... Cevap: The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.Complete: Many apps ______ (design) for language learning.
Present Passive çoğul → are designed Cevap: Many apps are designed for language learning.Dijital vatandaşlık, güvenlik ve dijital alışkanlıklar
Dijital vatandaşlık; çevrimiçi ortamda güvenli, saygılı ve sorumlu davranmayı ifade eder.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| privacy | gizlilik | Protect your privacy online. |
| cyberbullying | siber zorbalık | Schools fight against cyberbullying. |
| screen time | ekran süresi | Limit your daily screen time. |
| digital detox | dijital detoks | Try a digital detox at weekends. |
| addiction | bağımlılık | Gaming addiction affects teens. |
| fake news | yalan haber | Don't share fake news. |
| verify | doğrulamak | Verify the information first. |
| identity theft | kimlik hırsızlığı | Identity theft is a serious crime. |
| awareness | farkındalık | Raise awareness about safety. |
| responsible | sorumlu | Be a responsible user. |
The internet offers amazing opportunities, but it also brings risks. A good digital citizen knows how to stay safe online. First, never share your address, phone number or password with strangers. Secondly, be kind: cyberbullying hurts people just like face-to-face bullying. Thirdly, check whether the news you read is true before you share it. Spending too much time online can also harm your health and your studies, so take regular breaks and do a digital detox. Technology is neither good nor bad; it depends on how we use it. If we all act responsibly, the digital world can be a better place.
Dijital vatandaşlık, sorumlu ve güvenli teknoloji kullanımıdır.
Write an online safety rule using "mustn't".
mustn't + V1 Cevap: You mustn't share your personal information with strangers.Give advice to someone addicted to social media.
should / ought to Cevap: You should limit your screen time and try a digital detox.Write one advantage and one disadvantage of the internet using connectors.
On the one hand... On the other hand... Örnek: On the one hand, the internet gives us quick access to information; on the other hand, it can spread fake news.Sıfat cümlecikleri: who, which, that, whose, where
Bir ismi tanımlayan ve ona ek bilgi veren cümleciklere relative clause denir. Bu cümlecikler who, which, that, whose, where ile başlar.
| İki cümle | Relative Clause |
|---|---|
| She is a nurse. She helps sick people. | She is a nurse who helps sick people. |
| This is a device. It saves lives. | This is a device which/that saves lives. |
| He is a hero. He donated his fortune. | He is a hero who donated his fortune. |
| I read a book. It was about a hero. | I read a book which was about a hero. |
Relative clauses, isimleri tanımlamak veya betimlemek için kullanılır.
Join: He is a firefighter. He saved three people.
İnsan → who, özne tekrar edilmez Cevap: He is a firefighter who saved three people.Join: This is a vaccine. It protects millions.
Nesne → which/that Cevap: This is a vaccine which protects millions.Complete: She is the scientist ______ research helped many people. This is the lab ______ she works.
İyelik → whose; yer → where Cevap: She is the scientist whose research helped many people. This is the lab where she works.have/has + V3 ve have/has been + V-ing yapıları
İki zaman da geçmişle bugün arasında bağ kurar. Present Perfect sonucu vurgular, Present Perfect Continuous eylemin sürekliliğini ve süresini vurgular.
| Present Perfect | Present Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|
| Sonucu önemli olan bitmiş eylem | Süresi/etkisi devam eden eylem |
| I have written three books. | I have been writing a book. |
| She has donated a lot of money. | She has been donating to charity for years. |
| Kaç tane? bitti mi? → PP | Ne zamandır? hâlâ sürüyor mu? → PPC |
İki zaman geçmiş-bugün bağını farklı vurgularla kurar.
She ______ (work) as a volunteer since 2018.
since + hâlâ sürüyor → Present Perfect Continuous Cevap: She has been working as a volunteer since 2018.He ______ (save) more than 200 lives so far.
Sayı/sonuç → Present Perfect Cevap: He has saved more than 200 lives so far.Complete: They have been raising money ______ ten years, and they have built five schools ______ 2015.
Süre → for; başlangıç → since Cevap: They have been raising money for ten years, and they have built five schools since 2015.Modern kahramanlar, rol modeller ve ilham veren kişiler
Modern kahramanlar; bilim insanları, sağlık çalışanları, öğretmenler, gönüllüler ve çevre aktivistleri olabilir. Onları tanıtırken relative clauses ve present perfect çok işe yarar.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| hero / heroine | kahraman | She is a modern hero. |
| role model | rol model | My father is my role model. |
| volunteer | gönüllü | He works as a volunteer. |
| courageous | cesur | The courageous doctor saved many. |
| selfless | özverili | Her selfless work inspired us. |
| dedicated | kendini adamış | He is dedicated to his job. |
| inspire | ilham vermek | She inspires young people. |
| make a difference | fark yaratmak | Everyone can make a difference. |
| contribution | katkı | He made a great contribution. |
| recognise | tanımak / takdir etmek | Her work is recognised worldwide. |
| charity | hayır kurumu | They donated to a charity. |
| raise money | bağış toplamak | Students raised money for children. |
Not all heroes wear capes. Some of them wear white coats, and some simply help their neighbours. Doctors and nurses who worked day and night during the pandemic are real heroes. Teachers who inspire their students, volunteers who plant trees, and scientists who search for cures are also modern heroes. What makes them special is not fame but courage and kindness. Many of them have been working for years without expecting anything in return. They have made a difference in people's lives, and they deserve our respect. Perhaps the most important lesson is that anyone — including you — can become a hero by helping others.
Modern kahramanlar, katkıları ve kişilikleriyle tanıtılır.
Describe a modern hero using a relative clause.
who + fiil Örnek: My teacher, who has helped hundreds of students, is a real hero to me.Write a sentence about a volunteer using "has been working".
has/have been + V-ing Cevap: She has been working as a volunteer in Africa for five years.Write 3 sentences about your role model.
Kim + neden + etkisi Örnek: My role model is my grandmother. She is a selfless person who has always helped others. She has inspired me to be kind and hardworking.Alışveriş, mağaza türleri ve para kelime dağarcığı
Alışveriş; mağazaları, ürünleri, fiyatları ve ödeme yöntemlerini kapsar. Bu konuda temel alışveriş kelime dağarcığını öğreniyoruz.
| English | Türkçe | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| supermarket | süpermarket | I buy food at the supermarket. |
| bakery | fırın | She buys fresh bread at the bakery. |
| butcher's | kasap | We get meat from the butcher's. |
| pharmacy / chemist's | eczane | You can buy medicine at the pharmacy. |
| department store | büyük mağaza | They sell everything in a department store. |
| shopping centre / mall | alışveriş merkezi | We met at the shopping centre. |
| market | pazar | Fresh vegetables are cheaper at the market. |
| price / cost | fiyat / maliyet | What is the price of this? |
| discount / sale | indirim | There is a big discount today. |
| receipt | fiş / makbuz | Keep your receipt. |
| change | para üstü | Here is your change. |
| cash / credit card | nakit / kredi kartı | Can I pay by credit card? |
| bargain | kelepir / pazarlık | This jacket was a real bargain. |
| refund / exchange | iade / değişim | I'd like a refund, please. |
Alışveriş kelime dağarcığı mağaza ve ödeme terimlerini içerir.
Ask the price of a jacket politely.
How much is/does... Cevap: How much does this jacket cost?Ask to try on a pair of shoes.
Can I try...on? Cevap: Can I try these shoes on, please?You want to return a shirt. Write a polite sentence.
I'd like to + V1 Cevap: I'd like to return this shirt and get a refund, please.Karşılaştırma ve en üstünlük dereceleri
Ürünleri karşılaştırırken comparative (-er / more), en üstün olanı belirtirken superlative (-est / the most) kullanılır.
| Kural | Örnek |
|---|---|
| genellikle -er / -est | cheap → cheaper → cheapest |
| sessiz e → yalnızca -r / -st | large → larger → largest |
| sessiz + y → -ier / -iest | easy → easier → easiest |
| kısa ünlü + tek sessiz → ikizleme | big → bigger → biggest |
| iki heceli bazı sıfatlar her ikisi | quiet → quieter / more quiet |
Karşılaştırma ve en üstünlük sıfat dereceleriyle yapılır.
Complete: This laptop is ______ (cheap) ______ that one.
Kısa sıfat → cheaper + than Cevap: This laptop is cheaper than that one.Complete: It is ______ (good) shop in the city.
Düzensiz → the best Cevap: It is the best shop in the city.Rewrite: The market is not as expensive as the mall. (cheaper)
Anlamı koruyarak dönüştür Cevap: The market is cheaper than the mall.Alışveriş diyalogları, kibar rica ve müşteri-hizmet diyalogları
Alışveriş diyaloğu; selamlama, ürün sorma, beden/fiyat konuşma ve ödeme aşamalarından oluşur.
Assistant: Good morning! Can I help you?
Customer: Yes, please. I'm looking for a winter jacket.
Assistant: What size are you?
Customer: Medium, I think. Do you have this black one in medium?
Assistant: Let me check... Yes, here you are. Would you like to try it on?
Customer: Yes, please. ... It fits perfectly. How much is it?
Assistant: It's 750 lira, but there is a 20% discount today.
Customer: Great! I'll take it. Can I pay by card?
Assistant: Of course. Here's your receipt.
Customer: Thank you. Have a nice day!
Alışveriş diyalogları kibar kalıplarla yürütülür.
You are looking for a T-shirt. Talk to the shop assistant.
I'm looking for... Cevap: Excuse me, I'm looking for a T-shirt. Do you have this in large?Complete: Can I try ______ (it / on) before I buy it?
try it on Cevap: Can I try it on before I buy it?Write a short dialogue for buying a book.
Selamla, iste, öde, teşekkür et Örnek: Assistant: Can I help you? — Customer: Yes, I'm looking for a novel. — Assistant: This one is very popular. — Customer: How much is it? — Assistant: 90 lira. — Customer: I'll take it, thank you.