Plans, Ambitions and Goals

Konu Anlatımı

Plans, Ambitions and Goals — Planlar, Hedefler ve Hayaller

İnsanın geleceğini anlatması, konuşmanın en sık kullanılan alanlarından biridir. Bu konuda ambition (hedefe duyulan tutku, hayat boyu süren istek), goal (ölçülebilir hedef) ve dream (hayal) kelimelerinin farkını öğrenecek, niyet bildiren yapıları kullanacağız. Kelimelerin telaffuzları: ambition /æmˈbɪʃən/, goal /ɡəʊl/, achieve /əˈtʃiːv/.

Hedef Kelimeleri ve Anlamları

Hedef anlatımında kelimeler sıklıkla karıştırılır. Goal ulaşılabilir ve ölçülebilir bir hedefi, dream daha geniş ve duygusal bir hayali, plan ise adım adım atılacak somut adımları ifade eder. Ambition ise bir meslek ya da yaşam boyu süren tutkuyu anlatır: Her ambition is to become a surgeon.

Niyet Bildiren Yapılar

Niyet ve hedef anlatan yapıların ortak noktası, ardından gelen fiilin to + V1 (infinitive) biçiminde olmasıdır. Aşağıdaki kalıplar sınavlarda boşluk doldurma sorusuyla en sık sorulan yapılardır.

• plan to + V1 — planlamak: I plan to study architecture.
• aim to + V1 — amaçlamak: We aim to reduce plastic waste.
• hope to + V1 — ummak: I hope to get a scholarship.
• would like to + V1 — istemek: She would like to work abroad.
• be determined to + V1 — kararlı olmak: He is determined to succeed.
• dream of + V-ing — hayal etmek: I dream of living by the sea.

Adım Adım: Hedef Anlatan Paragraf

1. Geleceği bir cümleyle açın: In the future, I would like to...
2. Hedefi somutlayın: My main goal is to...
3. Nedenini verin: because I...
4. Planınızı yazın: To achieve this goal, I am going to...
5. Kapanış yapın: I believe I can make it if I work hard.

Kısa Vadeli ve Uzun Vadeli Hedefler

Kısa vadeli hedefler (short-term goals) hafta ya da ay ölçeğinde, uzun vadeli hedefler (long-term goals) yıl ve üzeri ölçeğindedir. Zaman ölçeği belli olduğundan kısa vadeli planlar çoğu zaman present continuous ile, uzun vadeli hedefler ise hope to / would like to ile anlatılır.

Sınav Odaklı: İfadeler ve Tuzaklar

Niyet yapılarında to edattır: I hope to win, I aim to finish. Bunların ardından gelen fiile -ing eklenmez.

Sınavlarda sık çıkan bir diğer nokta, hedef anlatırken achieve, fulfil, reach fiillerinin nesneyle eşleşmesidir: achieve a goal, reach a dream, fulfil a promise. Ayrıca keen on ve interested in yapıları ilgi bildirir ve ardından isim ya da V-ing gelir. Karışan şıklarda önce edat (on, in, of) kontrol edilmelidir.

Sınav Odaklı: Niyet Yapılarında Boşluk Doldurma

Boşluk doldurma sorularında kararı boşluktan hemen önceki kelime verir. to görürseniz ardından yalın fiil, of, on, in gibi edatlar görürseniz ardından V-ing gelir: I plan to study engineering. cümlesinde to, I am fond of collecting stamps. cümlesinde ise of işaret kelimesidir. Cümlenin geri kalanını değil, bu işareti okuyun.

Niyet yapıları özneye göre değişmez: She hopes to win ile They hope to win aynı kalıbı korur. Ancak be determined to ve be keen on gibi be fiili içeren yapılarda be, özneye göre çekilir: I am determined to pass the exam. Sınavda bu iki yapının karıştırılması en sık puan kaybı nedenlerinden biridir.

Ne Öğreneceğiz

This lesson teaches you how to talk about your own future in a structured way. You will learn the difference between the three nouns that describe a future wish: a goal (something measurable you intend to reach), a dream (something larger and often emotional) and an ambition (a long-term professional or personal drive).

You will then study the intention patterns that are tested most often: plan to, aim to, hope to, would like to, be determined to, decide to and dream of. Each of them controls a different form after it: most take the infinitive with to, but dream of takes a noun or the -ing form.

Finally you will learn the collocations that go with success and failure: achieve a goal, reach a dream, fulfil a promise, give up, keep trying and make progress. Using the right verb with the right noun is what makes your paragraph sound natural.

Ön Bilgi

Two grammar points decide everything in this topic.

First, which form follows which pattern. After to in plan to, hope to, aim to, would like to, decide to the verb stays in the base form. After a preposition such as of or in, the verb takes the -ing form: I dream of becoming a pilot, She is interested in studying law. Reading the word immediately before the gap is the fastest way to answer the exam items.

Second, agreement with the verb be. Patterns that contain be change with the subject (I am determined, He is determined), while patterns without it do not (I hope, he hope is wrong, so it must be he hopes — remember the -s in the third person singular of the ordinary verb).

You should also know how to write a purpose clause with in order to and so that, because plans are usually explained by their purpose.

Basit Örnek ve Günlük Yaşam

Read this short paragraph written by a student about her own plans.

Next year I am going to start high school. My main goal is to improve my English because I would like to study abroad one day. In order to reach this goal, I am going to read one book a month and watch films with subtitles. I know it will not be easy, but I am determined to keep trying.

The paragraph contains four of the patterns from this lesson: would like to, in order to, be going to and be determined to. Underline them and notice that each one is followed by the correct form.

Write six sentences about your own next year using at least three patterns from the table below.

Karşılaştırma Tablosu

These patterns look similar but control different forms. Learn the second column.

Memory hook: to brings the base form, a preposition brings the -ing form.

Sık Yapılan Hatalar

Six errors cost marks in this topic.

• Writing hope to winning. After to the verb is in its base form: hope to win.
• Writing dream to become. Dream as a wish verb takes of: dream of becoming.
• Dropping the -s in the third person. He hope to pass must be he hopes to pass; ordinary verbs agree with the subject.
• Using make a goal. The natural verb is set a goal or achieve a goal; make a plan is used for the plan itself.
• Confusing career and carrier. A career is a professional life; a carrier is a bag.
• Saying I want to success. Success is a noun; use I want to succeed or My goal is success.

Özet

Talking about plans needs three things: the right noun, the right pattern and the right verb collocation.

• Nouns: goal, dream, ambition, plan, achievement. A goal is measurable, an ambition is long-term, a dream is emotional.
• Patterns with the base form: plan to, aim to, hope to, would like to, decide to, be determined to.
• Patterns with the -ing form: dream of, be keen on, be interested in, think about.
• Collocations: achieve a goal, reach a dream, fulfil a promise, make progress, give up, keep trying, set a target.
• Agreement: ordinary verbs take -s in the third person singular; patterns built on be change the form of be instead.

Kendini Dene

Answer in full sentences and then check the key.

1. Complete: She dreams of ____ (become) a software engineer.
2. Choose the correct sentence: (a) He hopes to winning. (b) He hopes to win. (c) He hope to win.
3. Fill in: They ____ (determine) to finish the project this month.
4. Which word describes a measurable target?
5. Rewrite correctly: I want to success in my exams.
6. Write four sentences about your ambitions. Use would like to, aim to, dream of and in order to once each.

Answer key: 1) becoming — the preposition of requires the -ing form. 2) (b) — after to comes the base form, and the third person singular adds -s to hope. 3) are determined — the pattern is be determined to, and the subject is plural. 4) goal — you can measure whether you reached it. 5) I want to succeed in my exams. or My goal is success in my exams. 6) Any four correct sentences, e.g. I would like to become a nurse. I aim to improve my biology mark. I dream of working in another country. In order to do that, I am going to study every evening.